新聞中心
這里有您想知道的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)營銷解決方案
創(chuàng)新互聯(lián)Python教程:python怎么實現(xiàn)單例模式
python通過__new__魔法方法放入需要實現(xiàn)的類中,可以保證實例化之后的對象為單例,進(jìn)而實現(xiàn)單例模式。
Python單例模式的4種實現(xiàn)方法:
#-*- encoding=utf-8 -*-
print '----------------------方法1--------------------------'
#方法1,實現(xiàn)__new__方法
#并在將一個類的實例綁定到類變量_instance上,
#如果cls._instance為None說明該類還沒有實例化過,實例化該類,并返回
#如果cls._instance不為None,直接返回cls._instance
class Singleton(object):
def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
orig = super(Singleton, cls)
cls._instance = orig.__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
return cls._instance
class MyClass(Singleton):
a = 1
one = MyClass()
two = MyClass()
two.a = 3
print one.a
#3
#one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is檢測
print id(one)
#29097904
print id(two)
#29097904
print one == two
#True
print one is two
#True
print '----------------------方法2--------------------------'
#方法2,共享屬性;所謂單例就是所有引用(實例、對象)擁有相同的狀態(tài)(屬性)和行為(方法)
#同一個類的所有實例天然擁有相同的行為(方法),
#只需要保證同一個類的所有實例具有相同的狀態(tài)(屬性)即可
#所有實例共享屬性的最簡單最直接的方法就是__dict__屬性指向(引用)同一個字典(dict)
#可參看:http://code.activestate.com/recipes/66531/
class Borg(object):
_state = {}
def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
ob = super(Borg, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
ob.__dict__ = cls._state
return ob
class MyClass2(Borg):
a = 1
one = MyClass2()
two = MyClass2()
#one和two是兩個不同的對象,id, ==, is對比結(jié)果可看出
two.a = 3
print one.a
#3
print id(one)
#28873680
print id(two)
#28873712
print one == two
#False
print one is two
#False
#但是one和two具有相同的(同一個__dict__屬性),見:
print id(one.__dict__)
#30104000
print id(two.__dict__)
#30104000
print '----------------------方法3--------------------------'
#方法3:本質(zhì)上是方法1的升級(或者說高級)版
#使用__metaclass__(元類)的高級python用法
class Singleton2(type):
def __init__(cls, name, bases, dict):
super(Singleton2, cls).__init__(name, bases, dict)
cls._instance = None
def __call__(cls, *args, **kw):
if cls._instance is None:
cls._instance = super(Singleton2, cls).__call__(*args, **kw)
return cls._instance
class MyClass3(object):
__metaclass__ = Singleton2
one = MyClass3()
two = MyClass3()
two.a = 3
print one.a
#3
print id(one)
#31495472
print id(two)
#31495472
print one == two
#True
print one is two
#True
print '----------------------方法4--------------------------'
#方法4:也是方法1的升級(高級)版本,
#使用裝飾器(decorator),
#這是一種更pythonic,更elegant的方法,
#單例類本身根本不知道自己是單例的,因為他本身(自己的代碼)并不是單例的
def singleton(cls, *args, **kw):
instances = {}
def _singleton():
if cls not in instances:
instances[cls] = cls(*args, **kw)
return instances[cls]
return _singleton
@singleton
class MyClass4(object):
a = 1
def __init__(self, x=0):
self.x = x
one = MyClass4()
two = MyClass4()
two.a = 3
print one.a
#3
print id(one)
#29660784
print id(two)
#29660784
print one == two
#True
print one is two
#True
one.x = 1
print one.x
#1
print two.x
#1
推薦課程:python編程入門系列圖文教程
本文題目:創(chuàng)新互聯(lián)Python教程:python怎么實現(xiàn)單例模式
URL鏈接:http://fisionsoft.com.cn/article/coosccp.html


咨詢
建站咨詢

