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NMState 是一個網(wǎng)絡管理器,允許你按照聲明式方法配置主機。這意味著你通過一個北向的聲明式 API 定義所需的配置狀態(tài),這個工具通過南向的提供者provider應用配置。

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目前 NMState 支持的唯一的提供者是 NetworkManager,它是為 Fedora Linux 提供網(wǎng)絡功能的主要服務。不過,NMState 的開發(fā)計劃中將逐漸增加其他提供者。
關于 NMState 的進一步信息,請訪問其項目 站點 或 GitHub 倉庫。
配置方法:命令式與聲明式
網(wǎng)絡管理有時候是一項非常復雜的任務,這取決于環(huán)境的規(guī)模和多樣性。在 IT 的早期,網(wǎng)絡管理依賴于網(wǎng)絡管理員在網(wǎng)絡設備上手動執(zhí)行命令。如今,基礎設施即代碼Infrastructure as Code(IaC)允許以不同的方式將這些任務自動化。z這基本上有兩種方法:命令式或聲明式。
在命令式方法中,你會定義“如何”達到所需的配置狀態(tài)。而在聲明式范式里則定義了“什么”是所需的配置狀態(tài),所以它不確定哪些步驟是必需的,也不確定它們必須以何種順序執(zhí)行。這種方法目前正在聚集更多的人員參與,你可以在目前使用的大多數(shù)管理和編排工具上找到它。
NMState:一個聲明式的工具
NMState 是一個網(wǎng)絡管理器,允許你按照聲明式方法配置主機。這意味著你通過一個北向的聲明式 API 定義所需的配置狀態(tài),這個工具通過南向的提供者provider應用配置。
目前 NMState 支持的唯一的提供者是 NetworkManager,它是為 Fedora Linux 提供網(wǎng)絡功能的主要服務。不過,NMState 的開發(fā)計劃中將逐漸增加其他提供者。
關于 NMState 的進一步信息,請訪問其項目 站點 或 GitHub 倉庫。
安裝
NMState 在 Fedora Linux 29+ 上可用,需要在系統(tǒng)上安裝并運行 NetworkManager 1.26 或更高版本。下面是在 Fedora Linux 34 上的安裝情況:
$ sudo dnf -y install nmstate
...
輸出節(jié)略
...
Installed:
NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.30.4-1.fc34.noarch gobject-introspection-1.68.0-3.fc34.x86_64 nispor-1.0.1-2.fc34.x86_64 nmstate-1.0.3-2.fc34.noarch
python3-gobject-base-3.40.1-1.fc34.x86_64 python3-libnmstate-1.0.3-2.fc34.noarch python3-nispor-1.0.1-2.fc34.noarch python3-varlink-30.3.1-2.fc34.noarch
Complete!
這樣,你可以使用 nmstatectl 作為 NMState 的命令行工具。請參考 nmstatectl -help 或 man nmstatectl 以了解關于這個工具的進一步信息。
使用 NMstate
首先要檢查系統(tǒng)中安裝的 NMState 版本:
$ nmstatectl version1.0.3
檢查一個網(wǎng)絡接口的當前配置,例如 eth0 的配置:
$ nmstatectl show eth0
2021-06-29 10:28:21,530 root DEBUG NetworkManager version 1.30.4
2021-06-29 10:28:21,531 root DEBUG Async action: Retrieve applied config: ethernet eth0 started
2021-06-29 10:28:21,531 root DEBUG Async action: Retrieve applied config: ethernet eth1 started
2021-06-29 10:28:21,532 root DEBUG Async action: Retrieve applied config: ethernet eth0 finished
2021-06-29 10:28:21,533 root DEBUG Async action: Retrieve applied config: ethernet eth1 finished
---
dns-resolver:
config: {}
running:
search: []
server:
- 192.168.122.1
route-rules:
config: []
routes:
config: []
running:
- destination: fe80::/64
metric: 100
next-hop-address: ''
next-hop-interface: eth0
table-id: 254
- destination: 0.0.0.0/0
metric: 100
next-hop-address: 192.168.122.1
next-hop-interface: eth0
table-id: 254
- destination: 192.168.122.0/24
metric: 100
next-hop-address: ''
next-hop-interface: eth0
table-id: 254
interfaces:
- name: eth0
type: ethernet
state: up
ipv4:
enabled: true
address:
- ip: 192.168.122.238
prefix-length: 24
auto-dns: true
auto-gateway: true
auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true
dhcp: true
ipv6:
enabled: true
address:
- ip: fe80::c3c9:c4f9:75b1:a570
prefix-length: 64
auto-dns: true
auto-gateway: true
auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true
autoconf: true
dhcp: true
lldp:
enabled: false
mac-address: 52:54:00:91:E4:4E
mtu: 1500
正如你在上面看到的,這個網(wǎng)絡配置顯示了四個主要部分:
-
dns-resolver:這部分是這個接口的名字服務器配置。
-
route-rules:它說明了路由規(guī)則。
-
routes:它包括動態(tài)和靜態(tài)路由。
-
interfaces:這部分描述了 ipv4 和 ipv6 設置。
修改配置
你可以在兩種模式下修改所需的配置狀態(tài):
-
交互式:通過
nmstatectl edit編輯接口配置。這個命令調(diào)用環(huán)境變量
EDITOR定義的文本編輯器,因此可以用 yaml 格式編輯網(wǎng)絡狀態(tài)。完成編輯后,NMState 將應用新的網(wǎng)絡配置,除非有語法錯誤。
-
基于文件的:使用
nmstatectl apply應用接口配置,它從先前創(chuàng)建的 yaml 或 json 文件中導入一個所需的配置狀態(tài)。
下面幾節(jié)告訴你如何使用 NMState 來改變網(wǎng)絡配置。這些改變可能會對系統(tǒng)造成破壞,所以建議在測試系統(tǒng)或客戶虛擬機上執(zhí)行這些任務,直到你對 NMState 有更好的理解。
這里使用的測試系統(tǒng)有兩個以太網(wǎng)接口,eth0 和 eth1:
$ ip -br -4 alo UNKNOWN 127.0.0.1/8eth0 UP 192.168.122.238/24eth1 UP 192.168.122.108/24
互動配置模式的例子
使用 nmstatectl edit 命令將 eth0 接口的 MTU 改為 9000 字節(jié),如下所示:
$ sudo nmstatectl edit eth0
---
dns-resolver:
config: {}
running:
search: []
server:
- 192.168.122.1
route-rules:
config: []
routes:
config: []
running:
- destination: fe80::/64
metric: 100
next-hop-address: ''
next-hop-interface: eth0
table-id: 254
- destination: 0.0.0.0/0
metric: 100
next-hop-address: 192.168.122.1
next-hop-interface: eth0
table-id: 254
- destination: 192.168.122.0/24
metric: 100
next-hop-address: ''
next-hop-interface: eth0
table-id: 254
interfaces:
- name: eth0
type: ethernet
state: up
ipv4:
enabled: true
address:
- ip: 192.168.122.123
prefix-length: 24
auto-dns: true
auto-gateway: true
auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true
dhcp: true
ipv6:
enabled: true
address:
- ip: fe80::c3c9:c4f9:75b1:a570
prefix-length: 64
auto-dns: true
auto-gateway: true
auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true
autoconf: true
dhcp: true
lldp:
enabled: false
mac-address: 52:54:00:91:E4:4E
mtu: 9000
在保存并退出編輯器后,NMState 應用新的網(wǎng)絡期望狀態(tài):
2021-06-29 11:29:05,726 root DEBUG Nmstate version: 1.0.3
2021-06-29 11:29:05,726 root DEBUG Applying desire state: {'dns-resolver': {'config': {}, 'running': {'search': [], 'server': ['192.168.122.1']}}, 'route-rules': {'config': []}, 'routes': {'config': [], 'running': [{'destination': 'fe80::/64', 'metric': 102, 'next-hop-address': '', 'next-hop-interface': 'eth0', 'table-id': 254}, {'destination': '0.0.0.0/0', 'metric': 102, 'next-hop-address': '192.168.122.1', 'next-hop-interface': 'eth0', 'table-id': 254}, {'destination': '192.168.122.0/24', 'metric': 102, 'next-hop-address': '', 'next-hop-interface': 'eth0', 'table-id': 254}]}, 'interfaces': [{'name': 'eth0', 'type': 'ethernet', 'state': 'up', 'ipv4': {'enabled': True, 'address': [{'ip': '192.168.122.238', 'prefix-length': 24}], 'auto-dns': True, 'auto-gateway': True, 'auto-route-table-id': 0, 'auto-routes': True, 'dhcp': True}, 'ipv6': {'enabled': True, 'address': [{'ip': 'fe80::5054:ff:fe91:e44e', 'prefix-length': 64}], 'auto-dns': True, 'auto-gateway': True, 'auto-route-table-id': 0, 'auto-routes': True, 'autoconf': True, 'dhcp': True}, 'lldp': {'enabled': False}, 'mac-address': '52:54:00:91:E4:4E', 'mtu': 9000}]}
--- output omitted ---
2021-06-29 11:29:05,760 root DEBUG Async action: Update profile uuid:2bdee700-f62b-365a-bd1d-69d9c31a9f0c iface:eth0 type:ethernet started
2021-06-29 11:29:05,792 root DEBUG Async action: Update profile uuid:2bdee700-f62b-365a-bd1d-69d9c31a9f0c iface:eth0 type:ethernet finished
現(xiàn)在,使用 ip 命令和 eth0 的配置文件來檢查 eth0 的 MTU 是不是 9000 字節(jié)。
$ ip link show eth0
2: eth0:
mtu 9000 qdisc fq_codel state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/ether 52:54:00:91:e4:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff altname enp1s0 $ sudo cat /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/eth0.nmconnection [sudo] password
for admin: [connection] id=eth0 uuid=2bdee700-f62b-365a-bd1d-69d9c31a9f0c
type=ethernet interface-name=eth0 lldp=0 permissions= [ethernet] cloned-mac-address=52:54:00:91:E4:4E mac-address-blacklist= mtu=9000 [ipv4] dhcp-client-id=mac dhcp-timeout=2147483647 dns-search= method=auto [ipv6] addr-gen-mode=eui64 dhcp-duid=ll dhcp-iaid=mac dhcp-timeout=2147483647 dns-search= method=auto ra-timeout=2147483647 [proxy]
基于文件的配置模式的例子
讓我們使用基于文件的方法來設置一個新的配置狀態(tài)。這里我們禁用 eth1 接口的 IPv6 配置。
首先,創(chuàng)建一個 yaml 文件來定義 eth1 接口的期望狀態(tài)。使用 nmstatectl show 來保存當前設置,然后使用 nmstatectl edit 來禁用 IPv6。
$ nmstatectl show eth1 > eth1.yaml
$ vi eth1.yaml
---
dns-resolver:
config: {}
running:
search: []
server:
- 192.168.122.1
route-rules:
config: []
routes:
config: []
running:
- destination: fe80::/64
metric: 101
next-hop-address: ''
next-hop-interface: eth1
table-id: 254
- destination: 0.0.0.0/0
metric: 101
next-hop-address: 192.168.122.1
next-hop-interface: eth1
table-id: 254
- destination: 192.168.122.0/24
metric: 101
next-hop-address: ''
next-hop-interface: eth1
table-id: 254
interfaces:
- name: eth1
type: ethernet
state: up
ipv4:
enabled: true
address:
- ip: 192.168.122.108
prefix-length: 24
auto-dns: true
auto-gateway: true
auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true
dhcp: true
ipv6:
enabled: false
address:
- ip: fe80::5054:ff:fe3c:9b04
prefix-length: 64
auto-dns: true
auto-gateway: true
auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true
autoconf: true
dhcp: true
lldp:
enabled: false
mac-address: 52:54:00:3C:9B:04
mtu: 1500
保存新的配置后,用它來應用新的狀態(tài):
$ vi eth1.yaml
---
dns-resolver:
config: {}
running:
search: []
server:
- 192.168.122.1
route-rules:
config: []
routes:
config: []
running:
- destination: fe80::/64
metric: 101
next-hop-address: ''
next-hop-interface: eth1
table-id: 254
- destination: 0.0.0.0/0
metric: 101
next-hop-address: 192.168.122.1
next-hop-interface: eth1
table-id: 254
- destination: 192.168.122.0/24
metric: 101
next-hop-address: ''
next-hop-interface: eth1
table-id: 254
interfaces:
- name: eth1
type: ethernet
state: up
ipv4:
enabled: true
address:
- ip: 192.168.122.110
prefix-length: 24
auto-dns: true
auto-gateway: true
auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true
dhcp: false
ipv6:
enabled: false
lldp:
enabled: false
mac-address: 52:54:00:3C:9B:04
mtu: 1500
你可以檢查看到 eth1 接口沒有配置任何 IPv6:
$ vi eth1.yaml
---
dns-resolver:
config: {}
running:
search: []
server:
- 192.168.122.1
route-rules:
config: []
routes:
config: []
running:
- destination: fe80::/64
metric: 101
next-hop-address: ''
next-hop-interface: eth1
table-id: 254
- destination: 0.0.0.0/0
metric: 101
next-hop-address: 192.168.122.1
next-hop-interface: eth1
table-id: 254
- destination: 192.168.122.0/24
metric: 101
next-hop-address: ''
next-hop-interface: eth1
table-id: 254
interfaces:
- name: eth1
type: ethernet
state: up
ipv4:
enabled: true
address:
- ip: 192.168.122.110
prefix-length: 24
auto-dns: true
auto-gateway: true
auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true
dhcp: false
ipv6:
enabled: false
lldp:
enabled: false
mac-address: 52:54:00:3C:9B:04
mtu: 1500
臨時應用改變
NMState 的一個有趣的功能允許你臨時配置一個期望的網(wǎng)絡狀態(tài)。如果你對這個配置感到滿意,你可以事后提交。否則,當超時(默認為 60 秒)過后,它將回滾。
修改前面例子中的 eth1 配置,使它有一個 IPv4 靜態(tài)地址,而不是通過 DHCP 動態(tài)獲得。
$ vi eth1.yaml
---
dns-resolver:
config: {}
running:
search: []
server:
- 192.168.122.1
route-rules:
config: []
routes:
config: []
running:
- destination: fe80::/64
metric: 101
next-hop-address: ''
next-hop-interface: eth1
table-id: 254
- destination: 0.0.0.0/0
metric: 101
next-hop-address: 192.168.122.1
next-hop-interface: eth1
table-id: 254
- destination: 192.168.122.0/24
metric: 101
next-hop-address: ''
next-hop-interface: eth1
table-id: 254
interfaces:
- name: eth1
type: ethernet
state: up
ipv4:
enabled: true
address:
- ip: 192.168.122.110
prefix-length: 24
auto-dns: true
auto-gateway: true
auto-route-table-id: 0
auto-routes: true
dhcp: false
ipv6:
enabled: false
lldp:
enabled: false
mac-address: 52:54:00:3C:9B:04
mtu: 1500
現(xiàn)在,使用選項 no-commit 臨時應用這個配置,讓它只在 30 秒內(nèi)有效。這可以通過添加選項 timeout 來完成。同時,我們將運行 ip -br a 命令三次,看看配置在 eth1 接口的 IPv4 地址是如何變化的,然后配置就會回滾。
$ ip -br a && sudo nmstatectl apply --no-commit --timeout 30 eth1.yaml && sleep 10 && ip -br a && sleep 25 && ip -br a
lo UNKNOWN 127.0.0.1/8 ::1/128
eth0 UP 192.168.122.238/24 fe80::5054:ff:fe91:e44e/64
eth1 UP 192.168.122.108/24
2021-06-29 17:29:18,266 root DEBUG Nmstate version: 1.0.3
2021-06-29 17:29:18,267 root DEBUG Applying desire state: {'dns-resolver': {'config': {}, 'running': {'search': [], 'server': ['192.168.122.1']}}, 'route-rules': {'config': []}, 'routes': {'config': [], 'running': [{'destination': 'fe80::/64', 'metric': 101, 'next-hop-address': '', 'next-hop-interface': 'eth1', 'table-id': 254}, {'destination': '0.0.0.0/0', 'metric': 101, 'next-hop-address': '192.168.122.1', 'next-hop-interface': 'eth1', 'table-id': 254}, {'destination': '192.168.122.0/24', 'metric': 101, 'next-hop-address': '', 'next-hop-interface': 'eth1', 'table-id': 254}]}, 'interfaces': [{'name': 'eth1', 'type': 'ethernet', 'state': 'up', 'ipv4': {'enabled': True, 'address': [{'ip': '192.168.122.110', 'prefix-length': 24}], 'dhcp': False}, 'ipv6': {'enabled': False}, 'lldp': {'enabled': False}, 'mac-address': '52:54:00:3C:9B:04', 'mtu': 1500}]}
--- output omitted ---
Desired state applied:
---
dns-resolver:
config: {}
running:
search: []
server:
- 192.168.122.1
route-rules:
config: []
routes:
config: []
running:
- destination: fe80::/64
metric: 101
next-hop-address: ''
next-hop-interface: eth1
table-id: 254
- destination: 0.0.0.0/0
metric: 101
next-hop-address: 192.168.122.1
next-hop-interface: eth1
table-id: 254
- destination: 192.168.122.0/24
metric: 101
next-hop-address: ''
next-hop-interface: eth1
table-id: 254
interfaces:
- name: eth1
type: ethernet
state: up
ipv4:
enabled: true
address:
- ip: 192.168.122.110
prefix-length: 24
dhcp: false
ipv6:
enabled: false
lldp:
enabled: false
mac-address: 52:54:00:3C:9B:04
mtu: 1500
Checkpoint: NetworkManager|/org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/Checkpoint/7
lo UNKNOWN 127.0.0.1/8 ::1/128
eth0 UP 192.168.122.238/24 fe80::5054:ff:fe91:e44e/64
eth1 UP 192.168.122.110/24
lo UNKNOWN 127.0.0.1/8 ::1/128
eth0 UP 192.168.122.238/24 fe80::5054:ff:fe91:e44e/64
eth1 UP 192.168.122.108/24
從上面可以看到,eth1 的 IP 地址從 192.168.122.108 暫時變成了 192.168.122.110,然后在超時結(jié)束后又回到了 192.168.122.108。
網(wǎng)站題目:Linux下安裝并使用NMState網(wǎng)絡管理器
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