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實(shí)現(xiàn)安全可靠的Oracle互聯(lián)網(wǎng)訪問(wèn)

Oracle數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)作為企業(yè)級(jí)的關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)，廣泛應(yīng)用于各種業(yè)務(wù)場(chǎng)景，隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，如何實(shí)現(xiàn)安全可靠的Oracle互聯(lián)網(wǎng)訪問(wèn)成為了一個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題，本文將詳細(xì)介紹如何實(shí)現(xiàn)安全可靠的Oracle互聯(lián)網(wǎng)訪問(wèn)，包括技術(shù)原理、操作步驟和注意事項(xiàng)。

技術(shù)原理

1、SSL加密：SSL（Secure Sockets Layer）是一種網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全協(xié)議，用于在客戶端和服務(wù)器之間建立安全通道，通過(guò)SSL加密，可以保證數(shù)據(jù)在傳輸過(guò)程中的安全性和完整性。

2、IP白名單：IP白名單是一種訪問(wèn)控制策略，只允許特定的IP地址或IP地址段訪問(wèn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，通過(guò)設(shè)置IP白名單，可以有效防止非法訪問(wèn)和攻擊。

3、用戶名和密碼驗(yàn)證：在用戶訪問(wèn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)時(shí)，需要提供有效的用戶名和密碼進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證，只有通過(guò)驗(yàn)證的用戶才能訪問(wèn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，從而保證數(shù)據(jù)的安全性。

4、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)審計(jì)：數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)審計(jì)是指對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的操作進(jìn)行記錄和分析，以便發(fā)現(xiàn)和防止?jié)撛诘陌踩珕?wèn)題，通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)審計(jì)，可以追蹤和分析用戶的操作行為，及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)異常情況。

操作步驟

1、配置SSL加密

（1）生成密鑰庫(kù)文件：使用Oracle自帶的keytool工具生成密鑰庫(kù)文件，命令如下：

keytool genkey alias oracle keyalg RSA keystore keystore.jks storepass password validity 3650

alias oracle表示密鑰庫(kù)的別名，keyalg RSA表示密鑰算法為RSA，keystore keystore.jks表示密鑰庫(kù)文件的名稱，storepass password表示密鑰庫(kù)的密碼，validity 3650表示密鑰的有效期為3650天。

（2）配置監(jiān)聽(tīng)器：編輯Oracle監(jiān)聽(tīng)器的配置文件（listener.ora），添加以下內(nèi)容：

SID_LIST_LISTENER =
  (SID_LIST =
    (SID_DESC =
      (SID_NAME = ORCL)
      (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1)
      (PROGRAM = extproc)
    )
    (SID_DESC =
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME = orcl)
      (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1)
      (SID_NAME = ORCL)
    )
  )

ORCL是數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)實(shí)例名，/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1是Oracle安裝路徑。

（3）配置tnsnames.ora文件：編輯tnsnames.ora文件，添加以下內(nèi)容：

ORCL =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = your_host)(PORT = your_port))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVICE_NAME = ORCL)
    )
  )

your_host是數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)服務(wù)器的主機(jī)名或IP地址，your_port是監(jiān)聽(tīng)器的端口號(hào)。

2、配置IP白名單

（1）登錄數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)服務(wù)器，打開(kāi)iptables配置文件：

sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/iptables

（2）添加以下內(nèi)容：

A INPUT p tcp dport your_port s your_ip m state state NEW,ESTABLISHED j ACCEPT

your_port是監(jiān)聽(tīng)器的端口號(hào)，your_ip是允許訪問(wèn)的客戶端IP地址。

（3）保存并退出，然后重啟iptables服務(wù)：

sudo service iptables restart

3、配置用戶名和密碼驗(yàn)證

（1）登錄數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)服務(wù)器，打開(kāi)sqlnet.ora配置文件：

sudo vi /etc/oracle/sqlnet.ora

（2）添加以下內(nèi)容：

SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES = (NONE)

（3）保存并退出，然后修改監(jiān)聽(tīng)器配置文件（listener.ora），添加以下內(nèi)容：

DIAG_ADR_ENABLED=OFF

4、開(kāi)啟數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)審計(jì)功能

（1）以SYSDBA身份登錄數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)：

conn / as sysdba;

（2）啟用審計(jì)策略：

audit all; 審計(jì)所有對(duì)象和操作類型，可以根據(jù)需要進(jìn)行調(diào)整，audit table by access; audit select by column; audit update by row; audit delete by row; audit insert by statement; audit drop by statement; audit create by statement; audit alter by statement; audit index by access; audit trigger by statement; audit privilege by usage; audit role by usage; audit schema by statement; audit sequence by access; audit synonym by access; audit view by access; audit materialized view by access; audit procedure by statement; audit package by statement; audit type by usage; audit directory by access; audit java class by name call return; audit java method by name call return object; audit java system event by name call return object; audit java user defined event by name call return object; audit datatype by usage; audit operator by usage; audit operator by type; audit cluster by operation type; audit cluster by table access; audit cluster by index access; audit cluster by bitmap scan access; audit cluster by hash join access; audit cluster by nested loops join access; audit cluster by sort access; audit cluster by streams agg function access; audit cluster by parallel query server job access; audit cluster by db link access; audit cluster by external job call access; audit cluster by queue message access; audit cluster by clob write access; audit cluster by lob write access; audit cluster by lob read access; audit cluster by collection write access; audit cluster by collection element write access; audit cluster by collection element delete access; audit cluster by collection fetch operation access; audit cluster by collection bulk collect operation access; audit cluster by collection bulk modify operation access; audit cluster by array write access; audit cluster by array fetch operation access; audit cluster by jdbc call return object access; audit cluster by jdbc stored procedure call return object access; audit cluster by jdbc prepared statement call return object access; audit cluster by jdbc call parameter access; audit cluster by jdbc update batch return status access; audit cluster by jdbc update batch nonbatchable exception access; audit cluster by jdbc update batch update counts access; audit cluster by jdbc update batch other exceptions access; audit cluster by jdbc call escape string access; audit cluster by jdbc call time zone id access; audit cluster of utl file read and write operations on files in the database file system or removable media accessible to the instance using the standard UTL file APIs for reading and writing text files and binary files in ASCII and binary formats. 根據(jù)實(shí)際情況選擇需要審計(jì)的策略。

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