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在Linux系統(tǒng)下，每次登錄操作都會造成一條失敗記錄。這個記錄通常被稱為“fllog”，它是Linux系統(tǒng)內(nèi)置的一種保護機制，旨在限制惡意用戶對系統(tǒng)賬戶的攻擊。
當一個用戶多次輸入錯誤密碼或用戶名，就會觸發(fā)fllog記錄。這個記錄會被發(fā)送到系統(tǒng)日志中，管理員可以從日志信息中了解每個用戶的登錄歷史和賬戶安全狀況。
這個記錄可以被其他安全軟件使用，例如Intrusion Detection System（IDS）和Intrusion Prevention System（IPS），用于檢測和防止惡意用戶的攻擊。此外，fllog記錄也可以用于升級用戶賬戶安全性，因為管理員可以根據(jù)記錄信息強制用戶更新密碼或關閉不必要的服務。
如何通過fllog記錄檢測和保護賬戶安全
管理員可以使用“fllog”命令來查看系統(tǒng)中的fllog記錄。這個命令可以列出所有用戶的登錄失敗次數(shù)和最后一次登錄失敗的時間。以下是命令的基本格式：
“` fllog -u username-h passwordfile “`
其中，“-u”選項指定用戶名，“-h”選項指定記錄文件的位置。
如果使用root用戶執(zhí)行該命令，則會列出所有用戶的fllog記錄。以下是命令的基本格式：
“`fllog“`
這個命令列出了所有用戶的登錄失敗次數(shù)和最后一次登錄失敗的時間。
管理員可以使用fllog記錄來識別被攻擊的賬戶和受攻擊的類型。這些信息有助于管理員了解系統(tǒng)中的安全威脅，并制定相應的安全措施。例如：
1. 強制所有用戶定期更改密碼，以防止惡意用戶通過猜測或暴力破解密碼獲取賬戶訪問權限；
2. 在登錄嘗試失敗次數(shù)達到一定閾值時，禁止用戶登錄，以防止惡意用戶頻繁嘗試輸入密碼以獲取賬戶訪問權限；
3. 對于擁有高權限的用戶，可以啟用多重身份驗證機制（如密鑰對驗證、雙因素驗證），以防止惡意用戶偽造用戶名和密碼進行訪問。
除了使用fllog記錄檢測和保護賬戶安全外，管理員還可以使用其他安全工具來保護系統(tǒng)。這些工具包括但不限于：
1. 防火墻：用于限制系統(tǒng)的入站和出站流量，以防止未經(jīng)授權的訪問和數(shù)據(jù)泄露。
2. IDS/IPS：通過檢測和記錄系統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)絡活動，盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)和防止網(wǎng)絡攻擊。
3. SELinux（Security-Enhanced Linux）：是一種基于Mandatory Access Control（MAC）的安全模型，用于對Linux系統(tǒng)進行強制訪問控制。
Linux Fllog是保護賬戶安全的重要機制之一。它可以幫助管理員檢測和限制惡意用戶的行為，并進一步提高系統(tǒng)的安全性。除了使用fllog記錄，管理員還可以采用其他安全工具和策略來保護系統(tǒng)。通過綜合使用這些工具和策略，可以使系統(tǒng)獲得更強的安全防護能力。
相關問題拓展閱讀：
- /var/log/syslog為什么是空” title=”ubuntu >/var/log/syslog為什么是空”>ubuntu >/var/log/syslog為什么是空
/var/log/syslog為什么是空”>ubuntu >/var/log/syslog為什么是空
Syslog is the general standard (IETF) for logging system and program messages in the Linux environment.
This service constitutes the system log daemon, where any program can do its logging (debug, security, normal operation) through in addition the Linux kernel messages.
–該服務由其daemon進程/in/syslogd維護，可通過如下命令啟動
1 service syslog start
2 /etc/init.d/syslog start
—
配置文件
為/etc/sysconfig/syslog，大致結構如下；其中klogd負責捕獲kernel日志信息
# Options to syslogd
# -m 0 disables ‘MARK’ messages.
# -r enables logging from remote machines
# -x disables DNS lookups on messages recieved with -r
# See syslogd(8) for more details
SYSLOGD_OPTIONS=”-m 0″
# Options to klogd
# -2 prints all kernel oops messages twice; once for klogd to decode, and
# once for processing with ‘ksymoops’
# -x disables all klogd processing of oops messages entirely
# See klogd(8) for more details
KLOGD_OPTIONS=”-x”
#
SYSLOG_UMASK=077
# set this to a umask value to use for all log files as in umask(1).
# By default, all permissions are removed for “group” and “other”.
In principle, the logs handled by syslog are available in the /var/log/ directory on Linux system:
# ls /var/log
acpidcron.1 maillog.rpmpkgs.spooler.3
anaconda.log cron.2 maillog.rpmpkgs.spooler.4
anaconda.syslog cron.3 messagessa squid
anaconda.xlog cron.4 messages.sambatallylog
auditcupessages.scrollkeeper.log vbox
boot.logdmesg messages.securewtmp
boot.log.faillog messages.secure.Xorg.0.log
boot.log.gdmOracle-validated secure.Xorg.0.log.old
boot.log.httpd pm secure.YaST2
boot.log.lastlog ppp secure.yum.log
btmpmailprelinksetroubleshoot
conmanmaillog rpmpkgsspooler
conman.oldmaillog.1 rpmpkgs.spooler.1
cronmaillog.2 rpmpkgs.spooler.2
where some of the logs are dumped under a subdirectory like cups, samba, httpd. Among the logs under /var/log the /var/log/messages is the most common one as the kernel / core system logs are held there. The kernel modules generally dumps there too. So, for problem diagnosis / monitoring the /var/log/messages is the primary log file to examine.
–syslo生的日志位于/var/log目錄下，其中messages是最常用到的，記錄startup信息等
The logs are rotated every week (renaming the existing log to filename.number order):
# ls -l /var/log/messages*
-rwroot root 1973 Jun 10 15:07 /var/log/messages
-rwroot rootJun 6 04:02 /var/log/messages.1
-rwroot rootMay 30 04:02 /var/log/messages.2
-rwroot rootMay 23 04:02 /var/log/messages.3
-rwroot rootMay 14 18:29 /var/log/messages.4
Rsyslogd可以看作是syslogd的改良版，可通過man 8 rsyslogd查看詳細信息。
以下是最常見的/var/log日志介紹
/var/log/messages – Contains global system messages, including the messages that are logged during system startup. There are several things that are logged in /var/log/messages including mail, cron, daemon, kern, auth, etc.
/var/log/dmesg – Contains kernel ring buffer information. When the system boots up, it prints number of messages on the screen that displays information about the hardware devices that the kernel detects during boot process. These messages are available in kernel ring buffer and whenever the new message comes the old message gets overwritten. You can also view the content of this file using the dmesg command.
/var/log/auth.log – Contains system authorization information, including user logins and authentication machin that were used.
/var/log/boot.log – Contains information that are logged when the system boots
/var/log/daemon.log – Contains information logged by the various background daemons that runs on the system
/var/log/dpkg.log – Contains information that are logged when a package is installed or removed using dpkg command
/var/log/kern.log – Contains information logged by the kernel. Helpful for you to troubleshoot a custom-built kernel.
/var/log/lastlog – Displays the recent login information for all the users. This is not an ascii file. You should use lastlog command to view the content of this file.
/var/log/maillog /var/log/mail.log – Contains the log information from the mail server that is running on the system. For example, sendmail logs information about all the sent items to this file
/var/log/user.log – Contains information about all user level logs
/var/log/Xorg.x.log – Log messages from the X
/var/log/alternatives.log – Information by the update-alternatives are logged into this log file. On Ubuntu, update-alternatives maintains symbolic links determining default commands.
/var/log/btmp – This file contains information about failed login attemps. Use the last command to view the btmp file. For example, “l(fā)ast -f /var/log/btmp | more”
/var/log/cups – All printer and printing related log messages
/var/log/anaconda.log – When you install Linux, all installation related messages are stored in this log file
/var/log/yum.log – Contains information that are logged when a package is installed using yum
/var/log/cron – Whenever cron daemon (or anacron) starts a cron job, it logs the information about the cron job in this file
/var/log/secure – Contains information related to authentication and authorization privileges. For example, sshd logs all the messages here, including unsuccessful login.
/var/log/wtmp or /var/log/utmp – Contains login records. Using wtmp you can find out who is logged into the system. who command uses this file to display the information.
/var/log/faillog – Contains user failed login attemps. Use faillog command to display the content of this file. linux
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